参考文献
[1] LL Fuller, WR Perdue: The Reliance interest in Contract Damages:1, The Yale Law Journal, Vol 46,52, P54.
[2] French Civil Code
Art. 1110 A debtor is liable only for damages which were foreseen or which could have been foreseen at the time of the contract, where it is not through his own intentional breach that the obligation is not fulfilled.
[3] German Civil Code
Section 252 Lost profits The damage to be compensated for also comprises the lost profits. Those profits are considered lost that in the normal course of events or in the special circumstances, particularly due to the measures and precautions taken, could probably be expected.
[4] The Restatement (second) of Contract
§351 Unforeseeability and Related Limitations on Damages
(1) Damages are not recoverable for loss that the party in breach did not have reason to foresee as a probable result of the breach when the contract was made.
(2) Loss may be foreseeable as a probable result of a breach because it follows from the breach
(a) in the ordinary course of events, or
(b) as a result of special circumstances, beyond the ordinary course of events, that the party in breach had reason to know.
(3) A court may limit damages for foreseeable loss by excluding recovery for loss of profits, by allowing recovery only for loss incurred in reliance, or otherwise if it concludes that in the circumstances justice so requires in order to avoid disproportionate compensation.
[5] 程啸:《损益相抵适用的类型化研究》,《环球法律评论》,2017年第5期,第45页。
[6] Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 6
Artikel 100 Heeft een zelfde gebeurtenis voor de benadeelde naast schade tevens voordeel opgeleverd, dan moet, voor zover dit redelijk is, dit voordeel bij de vaststelling van de te vergoeden schade in rekening worden gebracht.
[7] 《臺灣民法典》
第216條之1(損益相抵) 基於同一原因事實受有損害並受有利益者,其請求之賠償金額,應扣除所受之利益。
[8] 韩世远:《减损规则论》,《法学研究》,1997年第1期,第151页。
[9] ITALIA CODICE CIVILE
Art.1227. (Concorso del fatto colposo del creditore) Se il fatto colposo del creditore ha concorso a cagionare il danno, il risarcimento e' diminuito secondo la gravita' della colpa e l'entita' delle conseguenze che ne sono derivate.
Il risarcimento non e' dovuto per i danni che il creditore avrebbe potuto evitare usando l'ordinaria diligenza.
[10] UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 2016
ARTICLE 7.4.7(Harm due in part to aggrieved party) Where the harm is due in part to an act or omission of the aggrieved party or to another event for which that party bears the risk, the amount of damages shall be reduced to the extent that these factors have contributed to the harm, having regard to the conduct of each of the parties.
[11] The Restatement (second) of Contract
§350 Avoidability as a Limitation on Damages
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), damages are not recoverable for loss that the injured party could have avoided without undue risk, burden or humiliation.
(2)The injured party is not precluded from recovery by the rule stated in Subsection (1) to the extent that he has made reasonable but unsuccessful efforts to avoid loss.
[12] UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 2016
ARTICLE 7.4.8 (Mitigation of harm)
(1) The non-performing party is not liable for harm suffered by the aggrieved party to the extent that the harm could have been reduced by the latter party’s taking reasonable steps. (2) The aggrieved party is entitled to recover any expenses reasonably incurred in attempting to reduce the harm.
(2) The aggrieved party is entitled to recover any expenses reasonably incurred in attempting to reduce the harm.